Microsoft Word Tips Comparing Two Documents - Proofed

Microsoft Word Tips Comparing Two Documents - Proofed Microsoft Word Tips: Comparing Two Documents When altering a record, it is anything but difficult to forget about what you’ve changed between drafts. Wouldn’t it be valuable, at that point, on the off chance that you had a fast and simple method of contrasting two archives? Uplifting news! There is one! State â€Å"hello† to the Compare work in Microsoft Word and read on underneath to discover how this functions. What Is the â€Å"Compare† Function? Contrasting two records delivers a report and the entirety of the contrasts between the first and amended rendition appeared as followed changes. Followed changes being appeared in a record. Just as alters to the content itself, you can utilize this capacity to search for contrasts in arranging or remarks that have been included between drafts. This is particularly helpful when a report hosts been altered by a third gathering (e.g., an associate or companion). Looking at Two Documents To look at two records in Microsoft Word, all you have to do is: Go to Review Compare on the principle strip Select Compare from the dropdown menu The Compare work. Pick the first form of the archive in the Original record area of the menu (click the record image or pick Browse from the dropdown on the off chance that you can't see the necessary report in the rundown) Select the altered rendition from the Revised archive menu Select which transforms you need to feature and how you need them to be appeared (we suggest showing changes in another record) Snap OK to think about the records and see the distinctions The Compare menu. You would then be able to utilize the choices under Review Changes on the strip to audit each alter. On the off chance that you, at that point roll out further improvements to the reconsidered rendition, you might need to spare it as a new draft. The â€Å"Combine† Function Microsoft Word likewise offers the alternative to Combine archives. This is fundamentally the same as Compare, however it is intended for use with reports that as of now contain followed changes. The Combine work. For instance, envision you have a public statement draft that has been redrafted by two partners in your office utilizing the Track Changes alternative in Microsoft Word. You could then utilize Combine to blend the various drafts of the record into one, while as yet having the option to see who made each alter. This choice is in this manner helpful on the off chance that you have a record that has been altered by a few analysts. Nonetheless, for circumstances including just two variants of a report, Compare is fine.

Free Essays on Definition of Code Hero (Hemingway)

As per Ernest Hemingway, the code saint is a man who lives accurately, following the beliefs of respect, boldness and continuance in a world that is some of the time turbulent, regularly distressing, and consistently agonizing. The code legend or champion (like Catherine Barkley) must play out their function admirably to make a sort of close to home significance in the midst of the more prominent pointlessness. In any case, life is loaded up with setbacks, and a code saint is known by how he perseveres through those incidents. Eventually, the code saint will lose in his contention with life since he will kick the bucket. In any case, the only thing that is important is the way one faces passing. Truth be told, one should court demise, in the bull ring, on the war zone, against huge fish, since confronting passing instructs us the most effective method to live. Alongside this, the code legend must make and follow certain customs as to in light of the fact that those ceremonies help us. The matador must have beauty and must make his murders clean. He should confront honorable creatures. He should get into his suit a specific way. So also, an angler shouldn't go out excessively far. He should regard the limits the fish have built up for anglers. Religion is useful just in that it gives us ceremonies. However, religions aren't right when they guarantee life after death.... Free Essays on Definition of Code Hero (Hemingway) Free Essays on Definition of Code Hero (Hemingway) As per Ernest Hemingway, the code saint is a man who lives effectively, following the beliefs of respect, boldness and continuance in a world that is some of the time disordered, regularly distressing, and consistently difficult. The code legend or champion (like Catherine Barkley) must play out their function admirably to make a sort of close to home significance in the midst of the more prominent inaneness. In any case, life is loaded up with setbacks, and a code saint is known by how he perseveres through those setbacks. At last, the code legend will lose in his contention with life since he will kick the bucket. In any case, the only thing that is in any way important is the manner by which one faces passing. Truth be told, one should court demise, in the bull ring, on the war zone, against enormous fish, since confronting passing educates us the most effective method to live. Alongside this, the code saint must make and follow certain customs concerning on the grounds that those customs help us. The matador must have elegance and must make his executes clean. He should confront respectable creatures. He should get into his suit a specific way. Likewise, an angler shouldn't go out excessively far. He should regard the limits the fish have set up for anglers. Religion is useful just in that it gives us ceremonies. Be that as it may, religions aren't right when they guarantee life after death....

10 Good Things About Being Shy

10 Good Things About Being Shy September 27, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Shyness can have its advantages. Getty / Ascent/PKS Media Inc. People who are shy live with many of the same symptoms as those who have social anxiety disorder (SAD), but to a lesser degree.?? Most people who are shy learn to adapt to their surroundings and function  in a world that is dominated by more outgoing and extroverted types. At the same time, it can be easy to get down on yourself if you are shy; it might seem like everyone else is doing better socially than you. At times like these, it is helpful to consider some of the benefits or advantages of being shy. These might not be things that immediately come to mind, but they are true of many shy people. This list of 10 good things about being shy might also be helpful if you are overcoming SAD and still struggling with shy tendencies. 1. Your Modesty Is Attractive Many shy people are modest; you are the last one to announce your accomplishments or let the world know what is amazing about you. You probably  shrink from compliments or downplay your positive attributes. Although too much modesty can eat away at self-esteem, a healthy dose is considered an attractive trait by many. At the same time, you need to be careful not to cross the line from modesty to self-deprecation. Here are five tips to make modesty work for you: Accept compliments graciouslyRecognize when youve achieved something important rather than downplaying these things as due to luckStand up for yourself if you feel you are being taken advantage of (read up on being assertive)Offer praise to others (this might feel strange at first, as though you dont have the right to decide what is good or badBe realistic rather than thinking things are all good or all bad 2. You Think  Before You Act If you are shy or socially anxious you probably tend to look before you leap. This trait can be helpful when it comes to many life decisions. Thinking carefully and planning before taking action is important for many of lifes hurdles including Planning for the unexpectedAvoiding unnecessary risksSetting long-term goals Supporting this theory, a 2011 study comparing the behavior of human children and that of apes showed that human children displayed more behavior in line with shyness than did the apes (they were less likely to approach something new).?? This suggests that we as humans may have developed our ability to learn before leaping through this leaning toward shyness. At the same time, this tendency to think long and hard before you take action should be moderated. If fear of taking a chance is holding you back, sometimes it can be better to take a leap and trust that things will work out (or that you can handle it if they dont). 3. You Appear More Approachable When shyness is not extreme, it can make you appear more approachable to others. Shyness, and the modesty and self-effacing nature that go with it, are rarely threatening to others and may allow people to feel more comfortable around you. In other words, you dont have an air of superiority that makes it hard to talk with you. Too much shyness can make you seem aloof or standoffish. If this is a problem for you, try something simple like smiling or saying hi to people to show that youre not stuck-up, just shy. 4. You Have a Calming Effect   Shy people can sometimes have a calming effect on those who are more high strung. Though you may experience inner turmoil as a shy person, your outward appearance is probably one of being calm and even keel. This calmness and ability to not react may have a positive effect on those around you. However, if you are actually experiencing inner turmoil, its important to realize that sometimes it is okay to reach out for help. If your shyness means that you must wear a mask, see if opening up to one person about how you feel makes a difference. 5. You Do Well in  Human Services Positions Do you work in a human services position? If so, and if you are shy, your personality probably serves you well in terms of being an empathic listener;?? being shy makes it easier for other people to open up to you. 6. You Appear More Trustworthy Since you dont toot your own horn and arent the first to tell everyone about your accomplishments, others may find you more believable and trustworthy. This can also make you a better leader. 7. You Have an Ability to Overcome If you have struggled with shyness your whole life, then you know what it means to battle, endure,  and overcome difficult feelings. Without your struggle against shyness, you would not have developed the ability to cope with lifes difficulties. 8. You Make Deeper Friendships Chances are that when you do manage to develop friendships, they are deep and long-lasting. Because making friends is not easy, you may place more value on the friends that you have. Plus, your tendency to avoid small talk means that your friendships are not likely to be superficial.   9. You Enjoy Solitary Work Many jobs require the ability to focus and concentrate in a solitary environment; this is where some shy  people find that they flourish. Not having a lot of social ties means that you have fewer interruptions and less need to validate what you are doing in the eyes of others. 10. You Experience Rewards More Fully Research shows that the brains of shy people react more strongly to both negative and positive stimuli.?? This means that while you find social situations more threatening than your outgoing counterparts, you may also find positive situations more rewarding. Your increased sensitivity to reward may mean you find more value in working toward goals. A Word From Verywell Everyday shyness that does not prevent you from achieving your goals or participating in life can have its advantages. However, severe shyness or social anxiety that interferes with daily functioning is not helpful, and not something with which you have to live. If severe social anxiety is a problem for you, be sure to speak to your doctor for a referral to a mental health professional.   Discover Where You Fit on the Introversion and Shyness Scale

10 Good Things About Being Shy

10 Good Things About Being Shy September 27, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Shyness can have its advantages. Getty / Ascent/PKS Media Inc. People who are shy live with many of the same symptoms as those who have social anxiety disorder (SAD), but to a lesser degree.?? Most people who are shy learn to adapt to their surroundings and function  in a world that is dominated by more outgoing and extroverted types. At the same time, it can be easy to get down on yourself if you are shy; it might seem like everyone else is doing better socially than you. At times like these, it is helpful to consider some of the benefits or advantages of being shy. These might not be things that immediately come to mind, but they are true of many shy people. This list of 10 good things about being shy might also be helpful if you are overcoming SAD and still struggling with shy tendencies. 1. Your Modesty Is Attractive Many shy people are modest; you are the last one to announce your accomplishments or let the world know what is amazing about you. You probably  shrink from compliments or downplay your positive attributes. Although too much modesty can eat away at self-esteem, a healthy dose is considered an attractive trait by many. At the same time, you need to be careful not to cross the line from modesty to self-deprecation. Here are five tips to make modesty work for you: Accept compliments graciouslyRecognize when youve achieved something important rather than downplaying these things as due to luckStand up for yourself if you feel you are being taken advantage of (read up on being assertive)Offer praise to others (this might feel strange at first, as though you dont have the right to decide what is good or badBe realistic rather than thinking things are all good or all bad 2. You Think  Before You Act If you are shy or socially anxious you probably tend to look before you leap. This trait can be helpful when it comes to many life decisions. Thinking carefully and planning before taking action is important for many of lifes hurdles including Planning for the unexpectedAvoiding unnecessary risksSetting long-term goals Supporting this theory, a 2011 study comparing the behavior of human children and that of apes showed that human children displayed more behavior in line with shyness than did the apes (they were less likely to approach something new).?? This suggests that we as humans may have developed our ability to learn before leaping through this leaning toward shyness. At the same time, this tendency to think long and hard before you take action should be moderated. If fear of taking a chance is holding you back, sometimes it can be better to take a leap and trust that things will work out (or that you can handle it if they dont). 3. You Appear More Approachable When shyness is not extreme, it can make you appear more approachable to others. Shyness, and the modesty and self-effacing nature that go with it, are rarely threatening to others and may allow people to feel more comfortable around you. In other words, you dont have an air of superiority that makes it hard to talk with you. Too much shyness can make you seem aloof or standoffish. If this is a problem for you, try something simple like smiling or saying hi to people to show that youre not stuck-up, just shy. 4. You Have a Calming Effect   Shy people can sometimes have a calming effect on those who are more high strung. Though you may experience inner turmoil as a shy person, your outward appearance is probably one of being calm and even keel. This calmness and ability to not react may have a positive effect on those around you. However, if you are actually experiencing inner turmoil, its important to realize that sometimes it is okay to reach out for help. If your shyness means that you must wear a mask, see if opening up to one person about how you feel makes a difference. 5. You Do Well in  Human Services Positions Do you work in a human services position? If so, and if you are shy, your personality probably serves you well in terms of being an empathic listener;?? being shy makes it easier for other people to open up to you. 6. You Appear More Trustworthy Since you dont toot your own horn and arent the first to tell everyone about your accomplishments, others may find you more believable and trustworthy. This can also make you a better leader. 7. You Have an Ability to Overcome If you have struggled with shyness your whole life, then you know what it means to battle, endure,  and overcome difficult feelings. Without your struggle against shyness, you would not have developed the ability to cope with lifes difficulties. 8. You Make Deeper Friendships Chances are that when you do manage to develop friendships, they are deep and long-lasting. Because making friends is not easy, you may place more value on the friends that you have. Plus, your tendency to avoid small talk means that your friendships are not likely to be superficial.   9. You Enjoy Solitary Work Many jobs require the ability to focus and concentrate in a solitary environment; this is where some shy  people find that they flourish. Not having a lot of social ties means that you have fewer interruptions and less need to validate what you are doing in the eyes of others. 10. You Experience Rewards More Fully Research shows that the brains of shy people react more strongly to both negative and positive stimuli.?? This means that while you find social situations more threatening than your outgoing counterparts, you may also find positive situations more rewarding. Your increased sensitivity to reward may mean you find more value in working toward goals. A Word From Verywell Everyday shyness that does not prevent you from achieving your goals or participating in life can have its advantages. However, severe shyness or social anxiety that interferes with daily functioning is not helpful, and not something with which you have to live. If severe social anxiety is a problem for you, be sure to speak to your doctor for a referral to a mental health professional.   Discover Where You Fit on the Introversion and Shyness Scale

Types of Nursing Programs and Degrees

The Theory of Reconsolidation - 753 Words

The Theory of Reconsolidation - What is it and how can it impact on our lives? Learning is a very important aspect of humans and creatures alike. Not only is it essential to the survival and adaption into this world but it also defines who we are as individuals (Schiller et al, 2010; Tronson Taylor, 2007). Memories from past experiences shape the people that we are today. A crucial element to learning is memory, without it we would not be able to retain information. The process of memory is very distinct and consists of several different stages: acquisition of memory, consolidation, retrieval and then either reconsolidation or extinction (Debiec Ledoux, 2004; Diergaarde, Schoffelmeer De Vries, 2008). As memory is such a critical aspect of learning, it is no wonder that its distinct process has become the topic of much research in the neurobiological universe (Hupbach et al, 2007; Nader Hardt, 2009). After a new memory is learnt, it enters the process of encoding during which the memory is labile and capable of disruption until it becomes stabilised over a period of time (Nader Einarsson, 2010; Nader et al, 2000). This process is called consolidation and originally consisted of the theory that once stabilised in the brain, it remains fixed (Suzuki et al, 2004). This theory has been rebutted by the acceptance of reconsolidation, a theory that imposes the ideology that when memories are retrieved, through similar experiences (Lee, 2009), they become labile until,Show MoreRelatedUnderlying Neurobiological Processes1706 Words   |  7 Pages2012; Si et al., 2012). This is known as memory reconsolidation (Yue et al.; Si et al.). Finally, the re-exposure to a particular context without reinforcement can lead to memory extinction (Merlo Romano, 2008).That is, the temporary weakening of an earlier conditioned response can lead to extinction (Merlo Romano). However, the number of eve nts or duration of a single event in that exposure will determine whether memory extinction or reconsolidation is activated (Merlo Romano). Although learningRead MoreThe Process of Memory Reconsolidation1581 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years, much debate and research has occurred over the process of memory reconsolidation. Understanding the processes that underlie memory formation retrieval and storage is key to understanding and guiding treatment for patients with conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder. This essay discusses the processes of consolidation and how that impacts on reconsolidation and the implications of this knowledge on patients suffering posttraumatic stress disorder. Much psychological researchRead MoreThe Curent Understanding of the Neurobiology of Memory Reconsolidation and Its Implications for Psychology1863 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay is focusing on the current understanding of the neurobiology of memory reconsolidation and its implications for psychology. This paper will specifically focus on the molecular mechanisms of reconsolidation and research relating to fear memories and using propranolol and D-cycloserine as a treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Memory consolidation is the process by which memories are stabilised after being acquired. Consolidation studies have traditionally focused on the hippocampusRead MoreTaking a Look at Memory Consolidation1464 Words   |  6 PagesSince Nader, Schafe LaDoux (2000), challenged the previously heralded definition of memory consolidation, an influx of research addressing various theories of; consolidation, reconsolidation and potential clinical implications have surfaced. This ess ay aims to conglomerate the current understanding of memory reconsolidation, furthermore addressing the resonance upon clinical psychology. Neuroscience widely recognised that memories undertake the process of consolidation (Nader Einarsson, 2010)Read MoreThe retrieval of a memory can initiate processes in our brain that actively consolidate and1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe retrieval of a memory can initiate processes in our brain that actively consolidate and strengthen the memory trace, a process known as memory reconsolidation. Memories retrieved are thought to increase their stability once they undergo the process of consolidation. Retrieval of a memory trace may cause another liable phase to require more processing to keep the memory stable after retrieval; the brain systemically acquires cellular mechanisms to initiate a new round of protein synthesis thatRead MoreThe Accuracy Of An Individual s Memory1506 Words   |  7 PagesUsing this example, we can relate it to eyewitness questioning as highly sensitive and the wrong choice of words could become demand cues. Eyewitnesses will give what the questioner wants instead of the actual account. Secondly, the process of reconsolidation also gives rise to minformation effect. â€Å"It is the activation of memory traces which are already consolidated and formed as long lasting memories†, (Braddeley, Eyseneck and Anderson, 2009, p.168). Reactivation of these memories traces makes itRead MoreNature Conservation And Its Impacts On Local Communities1642 Words   |  7 Pageshad it limits and it has had its advantages but all those depends on who is the subject we look at. Neoliberalism can be defined in a lot of different ways by scholars but the general definition of neoliberalism is the political term used for the theory whereby the economy is open to investors, and the free market is given priority. Neoliberalism has its key players as the state, the market and the civil society. These three key actors in neoliberalism can define the term in different ways as theRead MoreEssay about How Essential Is Memory to Us?934 Words   |  4 Pages past. Regarding to me I never wondered how our memory will become less about what we remembered and more about ourselves. Nevertheless, Proust made me look at memory more elaborately; he changed my view on humans on the subject of memory. Proust’s theory of memory, said that memory isn’t completely the truth of the past, because it’s full with mistakes. Unsophisticatedly, I thought how can this be true? But, after taking into consideration of the mind changing quote of Proust, changed my opinion aboutRead MoreHow Does The Hippocampus Plays A Vital Role? Memory Retrieval?1306 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess in which retrieval occurs is an ongoing debate. The two theories that are dominant in this debate are the Standard Model of Systems Consolidation (SMSC) and the Multiple Trace Theory (MTT). This paper will provide a review on the evidence supporting these two composing theories, the research providing evidence against the models, and finally their limitations. Additionally, a novel theory coined the Competitive Trace Theory (CTT) will be reviewed in order to conclude whether or not this modelRead MoreThe Tragedy Of King Lear Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesnatural social order, which is then repre sented by the natural world. The natural world and nature of society become intertwined as the plot unfolds, and, is wholly represented within the storm scenes in Act III. The society in King Lear is based on the theory of The Great Chain of Being; the idea that society runs under the following order of God, the King, Noblemen, Commoners, and lastly Animals. In The Tragedy of King Lear, the natural world is an extension of man himself as it is depicted as a reflection

Inappropriate Behavior in the Workplace - 2391 Words

Inappropriate Behavior What civil rights laws may prohibit Marwan’s conduct with his fellow co-worker? â€Å"The definition of sexual harassment stated in the EEOC Guidelines and accepted by the U.S. Supreme Court is â€Å"unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature,† which implicitly or explicitly make submission a term or condition of employment; make employment decisions related to the individual dependent on submission to or rejection of such conduct, or have the purpose or effect of creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive environment (Kubasek, 2009, p. 600).† Do those laws apply to his conduct toward the park guest? Yes, they do insomuch as his unwanted sexual advances†¦show more content†¦The nature of the employment is most likely ‘at will’, in which the employer and employee are free at any time to terminate the employment (Kubasek, 2009). If the employment manual laid out grounds for termination and did not include ‘at will’, there is a possibility that a court would rule that the employee reasonably took the printed manual at face value, although in this particular case the employer would be able to counter with misconduct which is also assumed to be in said manual under just cause for termination (Kubasek, 2009). What actions and steps should Studio Five take against Marwan? In Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc., the court determined that circumstances were to be taken into account when determining whether a work environment was made hostile or abusive and some of those circumstances were the frequency, the severity, and the physical or verbal nature of the harassment (Kubasek, 2009). Given that the employee’s conduct in this situation met all of those criteria in that it was frequent, threatening and physical, discipline should not be considered and the employment should be immediately terminated. Explain what actions you considered and why you either recommendShow MoreRelatedHaving Effective Policies In Place Is Important When Dealing1283 Words   |  6 Pagesbe very helpful by providing guidelines to user behavior through general principles. If this policy was not implemented, employees would not have an idea of the behavior expected when using the computers at Escape. Some of the problems that can arise as consequences are that they could use the computers for their personal use like social media, checking their email, buying online, watching videos or movies, listening to music, or even do inappropriate things with computers. Also, if employees clickRead MoreCriminal Justice Interns Observations Of Misconduct : An Exploratory Study Essay798 Words   |  4 Pagesjustice system reported that they had observed behavior they suspected to be illegal behavior for a law enforcement agency. (CITE). Due to this ongoing problem, colleges as well as specific agencies assisting stu dents in learning how to handle inappropriate situations in a proper manner. Educators of students who wish to complete internships are commonly concerned as to how their student will react when exposed to unethical and inappropriate behavior. A surprising 87 percent of criminal justice programsRead MoreThe State Of Sexual Harassment858 Words   |  4 PagesHarassment in the US Workplace Today? Journal of Global Business Management, 8(1), 133-138. Unwanted sexual advances are inappropriate whether or not an individual is at work. This article speaks to the minds of people who have been sexually harassed at work in the 2000s. When written, the article explained that in the last two years sexual harassment in the workplace had actually increased. It also explains the difference between a minor incident that may involve an inappropriate comment and many inappropriateRead MoreWorkplace Violence773 Words   |  4 PagesA major component of any workplace violence program is prevention. Program development and union involvement, are important parts of a workplace violence prevention program in government. There are specific measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of violent behavior. The first question many people ask when starting to develop a workplace violence prevention program is, how can we identify potentially violent individuals? It is understandable that people want to know this -- and that earlyRead MoreSexual Harassment Within The Workplace1567 Words   |  7 Pagesoffice-based practices have existing sexual harassment policies in place. This paper will explore both sexual harassment and non-sexual harassment within the workplace and the various components that are associated with harassment. I will integrate research on the causes and consequences of sexual harassment victimization within the workplace. This paper will also review existing literature on sexual harassment with an objective of assessing progress made within the field. The paper will also addressRead MoreThe Traits That Make Helen Frye An Effective Leader1324 Words   |  6 Pagesemployees to exceed company objectives. Second, Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand human emotion and act on it in a positive way. Managers with a high emotional intelligence can read the emotions of their employees and manage their behaviors effectively. Moreover, they have the ability to communicate effectively, de-escalate conflicts, and inspire others. Frye believes emotional intelligence is the key to motivating employees and success in business. As an example of emotional intelligenceRead MoreHorizontal Violence in Nursing1512 Words   |  7 Pages  2012). Even though workplace politics exists in every profession, the effects of horizontal violence, or bullying, in nursing is a costly behavior. Nurses feel devalued in the workplace and experience psychological effects. Patients are likely to experience less favorable outcomes, and retention is difficult costing facilities large amounts of money to recruit and hire replacements. Types of violence Horizontal violence is physical and or verbal behavior that is believed by the recipientRead MorePreventing Sexual Harassment in the Workplace1166 Words   |  5 PagesPreventing Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Does the phrase â€Å"That’s what she said.† sound familiar? The phrase is from the popular hit television series The Office. The guy behind this popular quote is none other than Dunder Mifflin’s Michael Scott. This quote is not only inappropriate but it is also a form of sexual harassment and Michael Scott is the king of sexual harassment. Unfortunately sexual harassment is a problem that is occurring in the workplace. In another popular movie, HorribleRead MoreManaging Diversity in the Workplace1356 Words   |  6 Pagesare instances, however, when workplace behavior can get out of hand and be inappropriate, causing a rift between employees. Many companies today hold yearly ethics courses designed to pinpoint an acceptable quality of behavior from their employees and also open up the floor to those who have issues with the company and its policies. Sometimes confronting an issue head on in a supportive environment will help find a positive solution to any issu es of harassment or workplace abuse. Harassment should notRead MoreSexual Harassment At An Organization Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesHarassment in an Organization By: Elsie Alex Organizational Behavior Professor Patricia Sokol September 15, 2016 Abstract This essay is based on sexual harassment in the workplace. It gives examples of what sexual harassment is and knowing how to identify sexual harassment in an organization. This essay takes information from different articles describing sexual harassment and discrimination in the workplace. It gives scenarios and examples of sexual harassment. It also explains

Organizations Face Today Is Of Staff-Free Samples for Students

Question: Organizations Face Today Is the Of Staff Recruitment Challenges? Answer: Introducation One of the major problems organizations face today is the recruitment of staff. Though reports in Australia might site that majority of the population are jobless, organizations have also reported that recruiting is a major problem within the region. One of the organizations that have experienced the problem is Woolworth Limited. The organization has reported several problems related to recruiting in its annual reports for the past few years. Some of the common problems reported include labor supply and demand, demographic issues among other labor concerns that would be discussed in this article. Woolworth Limited is a retail organization that has its operations spread across the entire nation of Australia (Jones, Humphreys, Adena, 2014). The supermarket is the second largest organization in the nation. In this discussion, therefore, the recruitment problems as faced by Woolworth Limited in Australia will be discussed with the possible solution to each problem outlined as well. One of the major problems in recruiting has been the supply of labor for the organization. Despite operating within most urban centers in Australia where there are high populations, the organization has limited supply of workforce because most people are engaged in some other activities. The remaining part of the population is unskilled with the other portion showing little interest in the job opportunities within the organization. Another factor leading to the labor supply shortage in Australia is the fact that most of the customers to the organization do not prefer working because fewer of them have studied courses related to most of the available jobs within the organization. There are other problems that contribute to inadequate labor supply in Australia. The possible recommended solutions to the labor problem for Woolworths Limited would include the following proposals; the organization should first consider training its staff. Training a staff might be expensive but is it one sure way of ensuring that the supply of labor is maintained. By training, it would be possible for the organization to recruit the local populations within its operations (Jackson Daly, 2014). The position of the organization would most likely improve with the local populations included in its services since the locals would prefer the organization to other organizations within the region. Increasing employee wages would be another way of solving the labor supply problem. Another recruiting problem for the organization is the high labor demand within Australia. The nation is rich in industries and organizations that all require labor within their services. The high demand for labor has been cited as a major problem to the organization as it suffers inadequate labor within its services for most of the parts it operates in. Most people within the populations are engaged in other activities in other organizations and businesses (Humphreys, Hegney, Lipscombe, Gregory Chater, 2012). With the increased population, the increased number of customers demand and improved service providers that have proved to be a major problem for the organization. Labor is an essential part of any organization. The recommended solution to the labor demand problem would include improving the employee benefits such as rewards, better wages among other interesting employee tokens that would attract them to the organization. With the high demand of employees, proper working conditions would be another concern that would most likely attract more laborers to the organization. The truth of the matter is that most people are not seeking for jobs but the wages from the jobs in order to improve their living conditions. The human resource department of the organization should consider improving such conditions in order to attract more workers to the organization. The image of the organization is another factor to consider for the problem in recruitment as has been experienced by the organization. Most people in Australia consider the organization as a sales organization (Struber, 2014). Compared to other organizations within the nation, Woolworths received the least job application letters. Most people assume that the organizations main objective is to supply the retail services across the nation without minding how it recruits its employees. As a result, most job seekers have over time neglected the organization as they prefer other organizations. Another factor related to the image of the organization is the fact that most people assume that the only jobs at the supermarket involve being a teller and customer assistance only. The most probable solution to the problem with the image of the company could only be the organization clearing itself through any possible means to the public by outlining the roles it plays within the labor market. Such announcements would act as awareness to the job seekers and also change the image of the organization to the public (Clinton Hazelton, 2016). The image of the organization is not only important in providing it with workforce but would also help in marketing as more customers would be attracted. It is normal for a population to reject an organization that does not recruit their people because it does not contribute to the economic development. Demographic issues also contribute to labor and recruitment problems for Woolworths Limited organization. An example of workforce and recruitment problem is aging workforce. It has been a culture of the organization to hire experienced workers and maintain them as long as possible. The factor contributes to problems for the organization as it provided the organization with the required experience hence more profits (Stanley, 2017). However, it becomes a problem for the organization when such employees retire, or in worst cases, they die. The problems experienced in recruiting new employees might not be easy. The organization will hence suffer from either recruiting inexperienced employees or failing to find a perfect replacement. The most suitable solution to the problem would be to train employees as mentioned earlier. Training is one sure way of ensuring that the organization maintains a constant flow of employees with the same quality of performance (Creegan, Duffield Forrester, 2013). In training, the organization is also secure in any unexpected cases like death. It becomes easy for another person to take over than in most cases that the organization would have to consider hiring new employees upon death or retirement of the existing employees. The generations within Australia today prefer private businesses and not employment into other institutions. Most people in the current generation are in dire need of capital to initiate their businesses. Creating a personal business according to most researchers within the nation has proved that people have turned their focus to private businesses than employment (Humphreys, Jones, Jones Mara, 2012). The changes in life over generations have been the cause of such a reaction from the Australian population. The trust based on the private businesses is that a person becomes his or her manager. The freedom of control that people enjoy in the private business is the exact opposite of what would be experienced in employment where the full control is bestowed in the organization. The most likely solution to the recruitment problem based on the influence of generation is that the organization should ensure that it motivates people to consider employment as a solution to certain problems e xperienced by the people (Beach, Brereton Cliff, 2013). In the case of Australia, the people should be convinced that in order to initiate their businesses they would need the experience from employment first. As technology changes the world, a lot of things keep changing. Diversity as it is influences people as well. The influence, in turn, affects businesses in that it limits the number of people available for employment in most areas (Humphreys, Jones, Jones, Hugo, Bamford Taylor, 2016). The current technological developments in Australia involve internetworking. People tend to refrain from the manual labor that is offered by most organizations as they major their activities to the cheap and affordable internet jobs. The benefits from the internet businesses are more than in employment and are easy to acquire. However, this problem would be solved cheaply by informing the populations about the adverse disadvantages of internetworking (Patrickson, Hartmann, 2015). The awareness about the side effects of the internetworking and other businesses would be a possibility to make the people think of employment again. As for this organization, it would be necessary to advise the employees to consider the internet as a side job that they would venture into during their free times. Recruitment strategies used by Woolworths is another recruitment problem that the organization has experienced over time. The employer branding of the organization is one of the recruitment strategies that has been a problem for the organization. Employer branding is the process by which the customers prefer to the organization (Mills, Francis Bonner, 2017). Employer branding would either be negative or positive depending on the manner in which the organization handles its customers. Woolworths has been experiencing the problem of employer branding because most people in the Australian society do not like the organization based on its recruitment and contribution to the society. The organization should consider improving its services to the people and the society. Sparing a percentage of the employment opportunities within the organization for the local population is one effective way through which the organization would win the trust of the population (Humphreys, Wakerman, Wells, K uipers, Jones Entwistle, 2015). Earning the trust of the people through the participation in the infrastructure and other forms of development is another way to which the organization could have a positive reflection from the populations in Australia. The types of advertisement on the job opportunities from the organization have been highly ineffective. The advertisements made through the television, radios and other forms like the magazines are highly ineffective in the world today. The uses of posters as in the case of the organization are the other unlikely ways through which the organization makes all its advertisements. These means of advertisements are highly ineffective in the world today. The forms of advertisements and most organizational processes in the current world are those that are highly digitized (Schoo, Stagnitti, Mercer, Dunbar, 2015). The use of the social media, for instance, is a common way of making advertisements effectively today. According to the researchers in marketing, if the organization decides to consider using the modern means of advertisements, there are higher chances that the organization would make more profits as well as maintain its practices within the region it operates. An improvement in the modern ways of advertisement is affordable as it requires limited funds to initiate. Woolworths as one of the greatest organizations in Australia should consider its position in the market. The organization faces a recruitment problem that might soon become a crisis. It is the responsibility of the managers of the organization to perform the necessary researchers on the recruitment problem and design the most appropriate solution to the recruitment problem (Wakerman, Humphreys, Wells, Kuipers, Entwistle, Jones, 2014). Solving the problems in recruitment for the organization would be another better way to convince most of the local customers to the organization since the organization would involve the local populations within the areas that the organization operates. In conclusion, recruitment is a common problem in most organizations across the world today. In Australia, most organizations experience the problem despite the high populations within the nation. One of the organizations that have experienced recruitment problems within its services is the Woolworth Limited organization (DNetto, Sohal, 2012). Some of the labor problems result from demography, advertisement techniques and labor supply and demand within Australia. Some of these problems have been discussed in this essay with the probable solutions also highlighted. The organization is therefore urged to consider the proposals made in this essay in addition to other effective proposals from researchers in order to solve the recruitment problem completely. Solving the problem would be beneficial to the organization not only in acquiring the needed labor but also to improve its position in the market as most customers would be attracted to the business. It is, however, the responsibilit y of the organization to consider making the necessary adjustments that would place it in the competitive market effectively. References Beach, R., Brereton, D., Cliff, D. (2013). Workforce turnover in FIFO mining operations in Australia: An exploratory study.Centre for Social Responsibility in Mining, Brisbane. Clinton, M., Hazelton, M. (2016). Scoping practice issues in the Australian mental health nursing workforce.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Mental Health Nursing,9(3), 100-109. Creegan, R., Duffield, C., Forrester, K. (2013). Casualisation of the nursing workforce in Australia: driving forces and implications.Australian Health Review,26(1), 201-208. DNetto, B., Sohal, A. S. (2012). Human resource practices and workforce diversity: an empirical assessment.International Journal of Manpower,20(8), 530-547. Humphreys, J. S., Jones, M. P., Jones, J. A., Mara, P. R. (2012). Workforce retention in rural and remote Australia: determining the factors that influence length of practice.Medical Journal of Australia,176(10), 472-476. Humphreys, J. S., Wakerman, J., Wells, R., Kuipers, P., Jones, J. A., Entwistle, P. (2015). " Beyond workforce": a systemic solution for health service provision in small rural and remote communities.Medical Journal of Australia,188(8), S77. Humphreys, J., Hegney, D., Lipscombe, J., Gregory, G., Chater, B. (2012). Whither rural health? Reviewing a decade of progress in rural health.Australian Journal of Rural Health,10(1), 2-14. Humphreys, J., Jones, J., Jones, M., Hugo, G., Bamford, E., Taylor, D. (2016). A critical review of rural medical workforce retention in Australia.Australian Health Review,24(4), 91-102. Jackson, D., Daly, J. (2014). Current challenges and issues facing nursing in Australia.Nursing Science Quarterly,17(4), 352-355. Jones, J. A., Humphreys, J. S., Adena, M. A. (2014). Rural GPs' ratings of initiatives designed to improve rural medical workforce recruitment and retention.Rural and remote health,4(3), 314. Mills, J., Francis, K., Bonner, A. (2017). The problem of workforce for the social world of Australian rural nurses: a collective action frame analysis.Journal of Nursing Management,15(7), 721-730. Patrickson, M., Hartmann, L. (2015). Australias ageing population: Implications for human resource management.International Journal of Manpower,16(5/6), 34-46. Schoo, A., Stagnitti, K., Mercer, C., Dunbar, J. (2015). A conceptual model for recruitment and retention: allied health workforce enhancement in Western Victoria, Australia.Rural and remote health,5(477), 1-18. Stanley, D. (2017). Multigenerational workforce issues and their implications for leadership in nursing.Journal of Nursing Management,18(7), 846-852. Struber, J. C. (2014). Recruiting and retaining allied health professionals in rural Australia: why is it so difficult?.Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice,2(2), 2. Wakerman, J., Humphreys, J. S., Wells, R., Kuipers, P., Entwistle, P., Jones, J. (2014). Primary health care delivery models in rural and remote Australiaa systematic review.BMC Health Services Research,8(1), 276.

Race, Ethnicity and Role of Police an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Race, Ethnicity and Role of Police Some Harlem residents dubbed the event the Million Cop March since the quantum of police force out on the streets of demonstrators were equal to the estimated 6,500 demonstrators, where 3000 uniformed cops totally packed formed a human wall around the rally with other 250 community affairs police in light blue polo shirts moving along with the marchers. It was the perfect place for the Giuliani administration to demonstrate the police state operation in the minority working class neighborhood. (Vann, 1998) Need essay sample on "Race, Ethnicity and Role of Police" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Amnesty International in 1998 documented the conduct of police force. In its United States of America: Rights for All (AI Index: AMR 51/35/98), the organization posited the patterns of ill treatment including beatings by the police, unjustified shootings and the use of dangerous methods claiming to uphold the suspects. Whereas only the minority of the many law enforcement officers engaged themselves in the brutal actions, Amnesty International came out with fact that very little was done to check the abusers or anything was done to make sure that the tactics of the police did not involve unnecessary force or injury. Their report also indicated various abuses in some jurisdictions or police precincts. (Amnesty International, 1999) All the above examples present the racial and ethnic minorities as truly the victims of police misconduct, along-with getting subjected to false arrests, harassments, verbal and physical abuses. All organizations have their own culture and this is true with the police force too. The police culture in its traditional role was developed as a means to maintain the equal status in the society and impart uniformity but the changes and the different norms, expectations, rites and rituals and traditions in the police department imparts different challenge. Each police agency has its own cultural norms, rites, rituals, common language, and traditions that have become quite strong. The incidents of police misconduct continue to be grave in West Virginia; when asked about the police role to the West Virginia State Police Chief Howard E. Hill Jr., he aptly replied, law enforcement officers place their lives on the line every single day and deal with the dregs of society that others avoid . Many officers are injured or killed trying to protect the public.(West Virginia Advisory Committee to The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 2004, p. 2) To reduce the harm to others and upon themselves, police have to make quick judgment and act promptly, especially in cases, which are volatile and potentially dangerous and deadly. Straight forwardly law enforcement officers have to perform their duty towards the public which is not every easy. Law has also given rights to the law enforcement officers to adopt what is appropriate in certain dangerous situations, while apprehending alleged criminals and protecting themselves and others. It has also been found that many of the adverse actions by certain police officers neither form the part nor are the representation of the entire police force. But there is no doubt of the fact that vast number of law enforcement officers in West Virginia are very hard working and are conscious about their duties and well being towards the society and according them their harsh and aggressive use of their power is only an exception and not a norm. It was noted by the State commentators in early 2000 that accusations in as early as 2000 in West Virginia has been on the increase. In Charleston, a simple system of complaint was adopted but the increase in complaints on the misconduct by the police officers nullified these procedures. The State law has made it mandatory for every state police to investigate on any complaint pertaining to the use of the excessive force by the state troopers. In the first 11 months of 1998 in Charleston, 24 allegations were alleged on the police officers, but only seven cases were investigated. As compared to it in the first six months during 2000, the Charleston Police Department made the use of force 122 times with showing their firearms, using their hands to get alleged criminals to handcuff, and other aggressive methods accounting to physical injuries. (West Virginia Advisory Committee to The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 2004) There is an internal professional standard section within the state police handling allegations on police misconduct by the state police officers. But there are limitations to its powers with the process beginning with an officer in charge (OIC) who appoints an investigator to initiate an internal enquiry regarding the matter. The investigator collects the evidence and makes recommendations regarding the disciplinary action to the OIC, who then also gives recommendations to the superintendent of police, who gives the final decision to undertake disciplinary action. As response to this determination, the accused officer gets a chance to present a defense at a pre-deprivation hearing and appeal can also be made by a grievance procedure presided over by an administrative law judge. These offenses appear under three categories depending on their severity- one, which are less severe, secondly more severe, and thirdly those cases, which are of very serious in nature. The third category off ences form unnecessary force during an arrest/custody. In these cases superintendent can discharge an officer. Each city of West Virginia has a civil service system depending upon the size governing the process of testing, hiring and maintaining the discipline of country employees. But the officers in authority themselves are not satisfied with the procedures as there are lot of hierarchal layers and sittings of review panel involved. It was found that police chiefs strong position was not enough to agree or disagree the abuse of authority and there is an ardent need of the good supervisors to keep in check the abuses. (West Virginia Advisory Committee to The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 2004) The action of the police force in case of domestic violence depends on the gravity of the case and if there is a probable cause. Particularly women of color and poor women have limited access to the legal processes, and are more prone to emotional abuse. The traditional ways other social institutions especially police responds to the violence against women is complicated by racism, as a result battered women belonging to difference ethnicity and race feel themselves disadvantaged. Battered women as advocated by court are given less respect by prosecutors and judges as compared to her counterparts white woman. She is often derided as being one of those white womens liberals who has betrayed her own while working on problems like domestic violence that will further stigmatize and destroy the men of color who are charged with battering. (Baur, E Cayleff, 1993). It has come to light that police generally present lackadaisical approach on rape cases. Only few percent of rape cases investigated lead to conviction. Detectives too do not apply the same professionalism in cases of rape as they do with other serious offences. Police are often blamed for attending to complainants especially women of color with skepticisms and inertia. It was the case reported on 25th July 2007 on Lesslie Iron rod, who was 20 years old. She was brutally raped and was hospitalized. Police was called and investigated process underwent and despite reporting whole incident to the police and also names of the miscreants involved in raping her investigations came to a dead stop with her death and no charges were filed against any of the miscreants. Justice department found that it is very likely that one among every three Native American women will be raped during her lifetime and in many cases these cases would often go unnoticed, unreported, or uninvestigated. Native Am ericans are landed in the health centers where they lack in the facility to collect DNA samples. Similarly are the cases of the child abuse. They are either unreported or most of the time under investigated. It is quite true children and youths becomes easy target of adults taking them into the world of crime and drug abuse while ignoring the responsibility they have for their safety and support. Police respond properly and without prejudice and undue force on the needs of the young people. There is always a negative stereotyping on both the sides and the police have to be susceptible to the trouble from any counter, yet the successful policing requires the stereotypes to be broken and must take robust, firm and effective steps. In many of the cases, police adopted prejudice approach where the gravity and the sensitivity of the issue is involved. The policing process can become a success if sustained or firm or fixed actions are undertaken and they are more sensitive towards youth problems and their needs. Young people from various ethnic backgrounds can be involved in the process of community policies that can access the needs of the other youths and take actions accordingly. To achieve gthis aim, first all kinds of stereotypes needs to be broken and also broken all the barriers dividing people to people on the basis of the race, ethnicity or color. Reference List Amnesty International. 1999. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: RACE, RIGHTS AND POLICE BRUTALITY. Bair Barbara, Cayleff E. Susan, 1993, Wings of Gauze: Women of Color and the Experience of Health and Illness, Wayne State University Press Center for Problem Oriented Policing. Responses to the Problem of Disorderly Youth in Public Places. Sullivan Laura, 2007, Rape Cases on Indian Lands Go Uninvestigated, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12203114 Vann, B. 1998. The "Million Youth March": Racist demagogy and police-state repression. Retrieved on September 20, 2008 from W.W.W: http://www.wsws.org/news/1998/sep1998/mym-s10.shtml West Virginia Advisory Committee to The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. 2004. Coping with Police Misconduct in West Virginia.

New Years Eve - Classic Essay by Charles Lamb

New Years Eve - Classic Essay by Charles Lamb An accountant in India House in London for more than 30 years and caregiver for his sister Mary (who, in a fit of mania, had stabbed their mother to death), Charles Lamb was one of the great masters of the English essay. The most intimate of the early-19th-century essayists, Lamb relied on stylistic artifice (whim-whams, as he referred to his antique diction and far-fetched comparisons) and a contrived persona known as Elia. As George L. Barnett has observed, Lambs egoism suggests more than Lambs person: it awakens in the reader reflections of kindred feelings and affections (Charles Lamb: The Evolution of Elia, 1964). In the essay New Years Eve, which first appeared in the January 1821 issue of The London Magazine, Lamb reflects wistfully on the passage of time. You may find it interesting to compare Lambs essay with three others in our collection: At the Turn of the Year, by Fiona Macleod (William Sharp)Last Year, by Horace SmithThe New Year, by George William CurtisJanuary in the Sussex Woods, by Richard Jefferies New Years Eve by Charles Lamb 1 Every man hath two birth-days: two days, at least, in every year, which set him upon revolving the lapse of time, as it affects his mortal duration. The one is that which in an especial manner he termeth his. In the gradual desuetude of old observances, this custom of solemnizing our proper birth-day hath nearly passed away, or is left to children, who reflect nothing at all about the matter, nor understand any thing in it beyond cake and orange. But the birth of a New Year is of an interest too wide to be pretermitted by king or cobbler. No one ever regarded the First of January with indifference. It is that from which all date their time, and count upon what is left. It is the nativity of our common Adam. 2 Of all sounds of all bells(bells, the music nighest bordering upon heaven)most solemn and touching is the peal which rings out the Old Year. I never hear it without a gathering-up of my mind to a concentration of all the images that have been diffused over the past twelvemonth; all I have done or suffered, performed or neglectedin that regretted time. I begin to know its worth, as when a person dies. It takes a personal colour; nor was it a poetical flight in a contemporary, when he exclaimed   I saw the skirts of the departing Year. It is no more than what in sober sadness every one of us seems to be conscious of, in that awful leave-taking. I am sure I felt it, and all felt it with me, last night; though some of my companions affected rather to manifest an exhilaration at the birth of the coming year, than any very tender regrets for the decease of its predecessor. But I am none of those who   Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest. I am naturally, beforehand, shy of novelties; new books, new faces, new years, from some mental twist which makes it difficult in me to face the prospective. I have almost ceased to hope; and am sanguine only in the prospects of other (former) years. I plunge into foregone visions and conclusions. I encounter pell-mell with past disappointments. I am armour-proof against old discouragements. I forgive, or overcome in fancy, old adversaries. I play over again for love, as the gamesters phrase it, games, for which I once paid so dear. I would scarce now have any of those untoward accidents and events of my life reversed. I would no more alter them than the incidents of some well-contrived novel. Methinks, it is better that I should have pined away seven of my goldenest years, when I was thrall to the fair hair, and fairer eyes, of Alice Wn, than that so passionate a love-adventure should be lost. It was better that our family should have missed that legacy, which old Dorrell cheated us of, than that I should have at this moment two thousand pounds in banco, and be without the idea of that specious old rogue. 3 In a degree beneath manhood, it is my infirmity to look back upon those early days. Do I advance a paradox, when I say, that, skipping over the intervention of forty years, a man may have leave to love himself, without the imputation of self-love? 4 If I know aught of myself, no one whose mind is introspectiveand mine is painfully socan have a less respect for his present identity, than I have for the man Elia. I know him to be light, and vain, and humorsome; a notorious ***; addicted to ****: averse from counsel, neither taking it, nor offering it;*** besides; a stammering buffoon; what you will; lay it on, and spare not; I subscribe to it all, and much more, than thou canst be willing to lay at his doorbut for the child Eliathat other me, there, in the back-groundI must take leave to cherish the remembrance of that young masterwith as little reference, I protest, to this stupid changeling of five-and-forty, as if it had been a child of some other house, and not of my parents. I can cry over its patient small-pox at five, and rougher medicaments. I can lay its poor fevered head upon the sick pillow at Christs, and wake with it in surprise at the gentle posture of maternal tenderness hanging over it, that unknown had watched i ts sleep. I know how it shrank from any the least colour of falsehood. God help thee, Elia, how art thou changed! Thou art sophisticated. I know how honest, how courageous (for a weakling) it washow religious, how imaginative, how hopeful! From what have I not fallen, if the child I remember was indeed myself, and not some dissembling guardian, presenting a false identity, to give the rule to my unpractised steps, and regulate the tone of my moral being! 5 That I am fond of indulging, beyond a hope of sympathy, in such retrospection, may be the symptom of some sickly idiosyncrasy. Or is it owing to another cause; simply, that being without wife or family, I have not learned to project myself enough out of myself; and having no offspring of my own to dally with, I turn back upon memory and adopt my own early idea, as my heir and favourite? If these speculations seem fantastical to thee, reader (a busy man, perchance), if I tread out of the way of thy sympathy, and am singularly-conceited only, I retire, impenetrable to ridicule, under the phantom cloud of Elia. 6The elders, with whom I was brought up, were of a character not likely to let slip the sacred observance of any old institution; and the ringing out of the Old Year was kept by them with circumstances of peculiar ceremony. In those days the sound of those midnight chimes, though it seemed to raise hilarity in all around me, never failed to bring a train of pensive imagery into my fancy. Yet I then scarce conceived what it meant, or thought of it as a reckoning that concerned me. Not childhood alone, but the young man till thirty, never feels practically that he is mortal. He knows it indeed, and, if need were, he could preach a homily on the fragility of life; but he brings it not home to himself, any more than in a hot June we can appropriate to our imagination the freezing days of December. But now, shall I confess a truth? I feel these audits but too powerfully. I begin to count the probabilities of my duration, and to grudge at the expenditure of moments and shortest periods, li ke misers farthings. In proportion as the years both lessen and shorten, I set more count upon their periods, and would fain lay my ineffectual finger upon the spoke of the great wheel. I am not content to pass away like a weavers shuttle. Those  metaphors  solace me not, nor sweeten the unpalatable draught of mortality. I care not to be carried with the tide, that smoothly bears human life to eternity; and reluct at the inevitable course of destiny. I am in love with this green earth; the face of town and country; the unspeakable rural solitudes, and the sweet security of streets. I would set up my tabernacle here. I am content to stand still at the age to which I am arrived; I, and my friends: to be no younger, no richer, no  handsomer. I do not want to be weaned by age; or drop, like mellow fruit, as they say, into the grave. Any alteration, on this earth of mine, in diet or in lodging, puzzles and discomposes me. My household-gods plant a terrible fixed foot, and are not rooted up without bloo d. They do not willingly seek Lavinian shores. A new state of being staggers me. 7  Sun, and sky, and breeze, and solitary walks, and summer holidays, and the greenness of fields, and the delicious juices of meats and fishes, and society, and the cheerful glass, and candle-light, and  fire-side  conversations, and innocent vanities, and jests, and  irony itselfdo these things go out with life? 8  Can a ghost laugh, or shake his gaunt sides, when you are pleasant with him? 9  And you, my midnight darlings, my Folios! must I part with the intense delight of having you (huge armfuls) in my embraces? Must knowledge come to me, if it come at all, by some awkward experiment of intuition, and no longer by this familiar process of reading? 10  Shall I enjoy friendships there, wanting the smiling indications which point me to them here,the recognisable facethe sweet assurance of a look? 11  In winter this intolerable disinclination to dyingto give it its mildest namedoes more especially haunt and beset me. In a genial August noon, beneath a sweltering sky, death is almost problematic. At those times do such poor snakes as myself enjoy an immortality. Then we expand and burgeon. Then are we as strong again, as valiant again, as wise again, and a great deal taller. The blast that nips and shrinks me, puts me in thoughts of death. All things allied to the insubstantial, wait upon that master feeling; cold, numbness, dreams, perplexity; moonlight itself, with its shadowy and spectral appearances,that cold ghost of the sun, or Phoebus sickly sister, like that innutritious one denounced in the Canticles:I am none of her minionsI hold with the Persian. 12  Whatsoever thwarts, or puts me out of my way, brings death into my mind. All partial evils, like humours, run into that capital plague-sore. I have heard some profess an indifference to life. Such hail the end of their existence as a port of refuge; and speak of the grave as of some soft arms, in which they may slumber as on a pillow. Some have wooed deathbut out upon thee, I say, thou foul, ugly phantom! I detest, abhor, execrate, and (with Friar John) give thee to six-score thousand devils, as in no instance to be excused or tolerated, but shunned as a universal viper; to be branded, proscribed, and spoken evil of! In no way can I be brought to digest thee, thou thin, melancholy  Privation, or more frightful and confounding  Positive! 13  Those antidotes, prescribed against the fear of thee, are altogether frigid and insulting, like thyself. For what satisfaction hath a man, that he shall lie down with kings and emperors in death, who in his  life-time  never greatly coveted  the society of such bed-fellows?or, forsooth, that so shall the fairest face appear?why, to comfort me, must Alice Wn be a goblin? More than all, I conceive disgust at those impertinent and misbecoming familiarities, inscribed upon your ordinary tombstones. Every dead man must take upon himself to be lecturing me with his odious truism, that such as he now is, I must shortly be. Not so shortly, friend, perhaps, as thou imaginest. In the meantime I am alive. I move about. I am worth twenty of thee. Know thy betters! Thy New Years Days are past. I survive, a jolly candidate for 1821. Another cup of wineand while that turn-coat bell, that just now mournfully chanted the obsequies of 1820 departed, with changed notes lustily rings in a su ccessor, let us attune to its peal the song made on a like occasion, by hearty, cheerful Mr. Cotton. THE NEW YEARHark, the cock crows, and yon bright starTells us, the day himselfs not far;And see where, breaking from the night,He gilds the western hills with light.With him old Janus doth appear,Peeping into the future year,With such a look as seems to say,The prospect is not good that way.Thus do we rise ill sights to see,And gainst ourselves to prophesy;When the prophetic fear of thingsA more tormenting mischief brings,More full of soul-tormenting gall,Than direst mischiefs can befall.But stay! but stay! methinks my sight,Better informd by clearer light,Discerns sereneness in that brow,That all contracted seemd but now.His reversd face may show distaste,And frown upon the ills are past;But that which this way looks is clear,And smiles upon the New-born Year.He looks too from a place so high,The Year lies open to his eye;And all the moments open areTo the exact discoverer.Yet more and more he smiles uponThe happy revolution.Why should we then suspect or fearThe influences of a year ,So smiles upon us the first morn,And speaks us good so soon as born?Plague ont! the last was ill enough,This cannot but make better proof;Or, at the worst, as we brushd throughThe last, why so we may this too;And then the next in reason shoudBe superexcellently good:For the worst ills (we daily see)Have no more perpetuity,Than the best fortunes that do fall;Which also bring us wherewithalLonger their being to support,Than those do of the other sort:And who has one good year in three,And yet repines at destiny,Appears ungrateful in the case,And merits not the good he has.Then let us welcome the New GuestWith lusty brimmers of the best;Mirth always should Good Fortune meet,And renders een Disaster sweet:And though the Princess turn her back,Let us but line ourselves with sack,We better shall by far hold out,Till the next Year she face about. 14  How say you, readerdo not these verses smack of the rough magnanimity of the old English  vein? Do they not fortify like a cordial; enlarging the heart, and productive of sweet blood, and generous spirits, in the concoction? Where be those puling fears of death, just now expressed or affected? Passed like a cloudabsorbed in the purging sunlight of clear poetryclean washed away by a wave of genuine Helicon, your only Spa for these hypochondriesAnd now another cup of the generous! and a merry New Year, and many of them, to you all, my masters! New Years Eve, by Charles Lamb, was first published in the January 1821 issue of  The London Magazine  and was included in  Essays of Elia, 1823 (reprinted by Pomona Press in 2006).

Trade preferences for developing countries Essay

Trade preferences for developing countries - Essay Example On the other hand, in 2005, the OECD3 conducted an empirical research and reached to the conclusion that multilateral trade liberalization implemented by the EU has resulted in comparatively higher sizeable corrosion of predilections than the liberalization processes implemented by countries like Canada, Japan, Australia, and the United States. Thus, the importance of the trade preferences provided by the EU proved to be relatively less in comparison with the preferential schemes provided by other countries. The conclusion of OECD has also been maintained by Nilsson in his empirical research conducted in 2007. In the year of 2007, Persson and Wilhelmsson4 put their effort to find that some particular EU preferential deals had produced great impacts, specifically the schemes that were offered to the Pacific countries as well as the African Caribbean nations. These kinds of findings had earlier been reported by Nilsson in 20025. However, the preference schemes of a donor country should be seen with respect to the overall trade openness of the donor. For instance, if a benefactor does not have a high figure relating to the imports covered under the preferential schemes, then this would result in the entrance of a bulky share of the donor’s imports under the mechanism of MFN-0 tariffs. In this case, the capacity for preferences is limited as well. As a result, no matter whether the utilization of the rate of preferences in such state of affairs is high or low, it no longer becomes so vital. For getting an accurate picture of the openness of a donor to imports from less developed or developing nations, it is vital to study the share and the quantity of imported commodities entering the EU under the scheme of MFN-0, the proportion and volume of dutiable imports, the proportion of imports entitled to preferential arrangements, and, finally, the rate of preference utilization. This paper will put its effort to examinee the impact of EU trade preferences towards developing countries with special focus on India on the basis of existing literatures. However, before moving onto analyzing the impact, the paper will discuss the existing trade preference scheme. Then, it will consider general impact on developing countries a s a whole and finally it will put its special focus on India. Scope and coverage of trade preferences forwarded by EU: The fundamental principle of World Trade Organization is to practice the non-discriminating attitudes among the trading partners. However, it has been accepted that the developing nations should get favored treatment, compatible with their relatively disadvantageous economic situations. During 1971, following one of the UNCTAD’s (United Nations Conference on Trade & Development) recommendations, it was pointed out that the nations that had entered into the agreement under the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), predecessor to what is now known as the WTO, had agreed upon on a waiver of ten-y ears for the

Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of social media Essay

Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of social media - Essay Example This is achieved through the employees themselves when they discuss ideas, post various news and information, ask questions and also share useful links. Technologically savvy organization like Nokia, presently acquired by Microsoft, has successfully implemented social media as their internal communication platform. The motto of the organization was to connect people and explore various possible ways that can enhance the internal communication. Nokia’s Social Media Communications team was established in early 2008 with the aim of improving inter-company communications and engaging employees (Carr, 2010) . The modern organizations use this as an effective and useful recruitment tool. For example, LinkedIn is the number one professional networking website that many organizations use to hunt the best talents for a job portfolio. The modern recruiters look for the profiles of the potential candidates in LinkedIn. L’Oreal, one of the largest cosmetic companies in the world, has successfully used social media for their recruitment drive (Connell, 2009). The organization has uniform branding in each country they operate. Interestingly, the job section of each website lists available positions in the country and a few links to the social networks. For example, The UK LOreal.Jobs website links to the L’Oreal Talent Recruitment Facebook page, the L’Oreal LinkedIn page, the L’Oreal Luxe TalenTube Facebook page and the @LOrealCareers Twitter feed. This helps in widening the target audience of the company, whether they want to recruit the best talent or increase their business. Because of the reach of social media, the businesses use the technology to improve their business reputation. For example, the more number of ‘Likes’ and ‘Followers’ in Facebook and Twitter give an impression of the popularity of the product, company or the brand. Social media enables enhancing the

Assessing The Usefulness Of An Ecological Approach Social Work Essay

Assessing The Usefulness Of An Ecological Approach Social Work Essay Social work theories represent sets of ideas that assist in explaining the reasons for occurrence of events or why specific events happened in particular ways and are used to predict likely future actions of present outcomes. It is important to appreciate that theories, whilst based on reasoning and evidence, are not conclusively proved. In social work practice they provide alternative frameworks for understanding issues by the linkage of sets of ideas, and help people to make sense of specific situations or circumstances. Their application helps social workers in guiding practice and in achieving direction in their efforts. This study takes up the ecological approach for discussion and assesses its usefulness for social work practice. The ecological approach is also compared with humanism and existentialism and its various aspects are critically analysed with respect to achievement of managerialism and accountability in social work practice. Discussion Overview of Ecological Approach Kurt Lewin, (Plas, 1981), states that good theory is essentially practical. It provides a way to look at the world and guides action for the achievement of vision of the way things should be. Ecological theory, many experts feel, fits with Lewins maxim and has the potential to give social workers, both a practical perspective for effective social intervention, and a larger perspective for viewing and assessing the social world (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). Whilst Roger Barker, (1968), initiated the application of ecological concepts to analysis of human behaviour, the application of such ecological perspectives to social work practice did not occur until it was taken up by Carel Germain in the mid 1970s (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The ecological approach has since then become progressively popular among social workers and is now commonly used as a practice approach for intervention (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The approach, despite becoming more commonly used, does have some major limitati ons, chief among which is the lack of (a) clearly defined procedures for engagement in assessment, and (b) specific sets of techniques and strategies for intervention (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The adoption of the ecological approach enables social work practitioners to understand the significance of the adaptive fit between the environment and organisms (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). An appreciation of such a fit in turn enables the emergence of a practice model that essentially focuses on the importance of locating ways and means to first assist individuals in adapting to their environments and second in the formulation of strategies for changing environmental elements that could cause problems for service users (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). It is important to understand three concepts, namely (a) behaviour settings, (b) the ecosystem and (c) definition of client problems, in order to understand and appreciate the fit between organisms and their environment (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). An understanding of these concepts helps in understanding the significantly unconventional and different approach of the ecological perspective (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The concept of behaviour settings provides fresh insights in the relationship that exists between individual behaviour and environmental setting. Barker and Gum (1964), found that individuals react differently to different types of environment. Analysis of behaviour setting helps social workers to conceptualise the problems of service users and is considered to be a basic unit of analysis for the application of the ecological approach to social work practice. The behaviour setting, it must however be clarified, represents more than the traditional concept of behaviour as the response to a stimulus and is perceived to be a complex relationship of people, setting, time and individual behaviour. A conglomerate of such behaviour settings forms ecology (Germain Bloom, 1999, p 16-22). Specific individuals function in more than one specific ecology. The ecosystem of individuals consists of the various inter-relationships and the conglomeration of such ecologies (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The ecosystem of a child, for example comprises of the self, the family, the school and the larger community (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). It is important to understand that the client, in such a concept of ecosystem is an integral component of the ecological system and cannot be juxtaposed with the larger environment (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The ecosystem of an individual consists of four distinct levels, namely the micro-system, the meso-system, the exo-system, and the macro-system. The micro-system represents the immediate environment, viz. the impact of personality characteristics of an individual on other family members (Jones, 2010, p 67). The meso-system is more complex and refers to the interactional processes that occur between multiple micro-systems (Jones, 2010, p 67). Th e exo-system and macro-system likewise refer to more generalised levels and represent more extensive interaction of ecologies (Jones, 2010, p 67). Â  The service user in such circumstances becomes the defining and primary member of the eco system that in turn comprises of various overlapping subsistence like the family, the work place and the larger community (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The psychosocial development and adjustment of individuals are perceived to be the consequence of transactions between individuals and their environments. The ecological perspective suggests the occurrence of cyclic and bidirectional activities between individuals and their environments (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The environment in the first place affects the development and adjustment of individuals. The behaviours of individuals lead to responses inside the environment and the altered environment thereafter exerts a different pressure on the individual (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). Social workers can view this process as sequential or simultaneous mutual influence, for example X affects Y, which again affects X or X and Y come together to form a unity that defines the situation (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). This concept and these view points are important because they lead to the formulation of new ways for conducting of assessment and carrying out of intervention in social work practice (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The adoption of the ecological view point leads to the shifting of focus from individual personality and behavioural characteristics to relationships between individuals, their families, their communities and other ecologies that are included in their eco systems (Pardeck, 1 988, p 92-100). Most people do operate in social ecologies that are adaptive or congruent and where people are in harmony with the social norms of their environments (Norman, 2000, p 11-17). The requirement for social work intervention comes about when such adaptive fits cease to exist and lead to mal adjustments (Norman, 2000, p 11-17). The ecological perspective differs significantly from traditional social work view points on definition of problems of service users (Tew, 2005, p 31-36). Most conventional perspectives concentrate on individuals for definition of problems of service users and perceive such service users to be deviant, behaviourally troubled or emotionally disturbed (Tew, 2005, p 31-36). The ecological approach very importantly does not perceive the symptoms of service users kin terms of individual pathologies but looks at such symptoms to be indicative of malfunctioning eco systems (Tew, 2005, p 31-36). Advocates of the ecological approach are likely to perceive emotional disturbances to be comprehensive problems that are occurring in the continuous adaptation that is taking place between organisms and their environments (Wilson, 1999, p 4-11). Mal-adoptions are thus felt to reside not just in the activity of individuals upon their environments but also of the environments upon individuals (Wilson, 1999, p 4-11). Individual problems and difficulties in social functioning are thus perceived to stem from interactive, dynamic and reciprocal sets of forces that work between individuals and their eco systems (Wilson, 1999, p 4-11). The relationship between problematic social functioning and ecology has been studied in various relationships between (a) social class and hospitalisation for psychiatric causes, (b) probability of specific types of mental ailments and spatial community patterns and (c) suicide rates and social organisation of communities (Peters Marshall, 1996, p 17-32). It is evident that the adoption of the ecological perspective requires a radical shift of approach by social workers, who must move away from individuals and try to understand a unit that is termed as individual-in-ecology (Peters Marshall, 1996, p 17-32). Such an approach requires the viewing of individual problems in terms of mal adaptive systems and even differences in labelling of clients, who for example should be termed as disturbing clients rather than emotionally disturbed (Peters Marshall, 1996, p 17-32). Application of Ecological Approach for Intervention The ecological strategy for intervention obviously calls for an ecological assessment of the problems of service users (Norman, 2000, p 11-17). Such ecological assessment essentially involves two important issues, namely (a) the identification of reasons for discord in eco systems and sources of strength, which can be utilised to enhance the level of fit between service users and important people in the lives, and (b) specification of the services that will be needed to allow service users to progress towards achievement of desired goals (Norman, 2000, p 11-17). Traditional models of social work, it is easy to understand, are far more simplistic than the ecological assessment approach (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). Such methods are narrower and perceive individual service users to be the only focus of the assessment procedure (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). The intervention model in the ecological approach comprises of specific steps that assist in translation of such assessment into appropriate strategies for intervention (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). Such an intervention approach consists of seven specific stages and can be applied in a number of practice areas (Nash, et al, 2005, p 32-41). The intervention model in the ecological approach is similar to other traditional approaches with regard to gathering of data but deviates significantly in the ways in which social work practitioners conceptualise and organise the processes of assessment and intervention (Nash, et al, 2005, p 32-41). The seven important stages in the intervention process comprise of (a) entering the system, (b) mapping the ecology, (c) assessing the ecology, (d) creating a vision for change, (e) coordinating and communicating, (f) reassessing and (g) evaluating (Nash, et al, 2005, p 32-41). These steps are significantly different from traditional methods of assessment and intervention and plays far greater responsibilities on the shoulders of social work practitioners (Nash, et al, 2005, p 32-41). The first step of the social work practitioner concerns entering the exo-system of the world of the service user, such a process involves assessment of various relationships in the life of the service user and identification of an entry point into the world of the service user (Kerson, 2002, p 8-14). Assessment of relationships in such circumstances involves examination of the various sub systems like the immediate family, the workplace and the community that shape the world of the service user (Norman, 2000, p 11-17). The social work practitioner can obtain significant information from examination of such sub systems for the formulation of intervention strategies (Norman, 2000, p 11-17). Assessment of various subsystems is thereafter followed by entry into the world of the client (Norman, 2000, p 11-17). This is largely done through an interview involving the social worker, the service user and people in his or her immediate family (Kerson, 2002, p 8-14). The social worker, after en tering the world of the service user commences ecological mapping (Kerson, 2002, p 8-14). Such mapping involves analysis of various sub systems and identification of people and events that are relevant to the challenges confronting the service user (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). Such mapping involves interaction with representatives of different sub systems like spouse, parents or immediate friends and leads to obtaining of very important information (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The mapping of ecology is followed by interpretation and assessment. Social workers, at this stage of the process search for important problems and sources of strength in the eco system of service users (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). The description of relationships and recurring themes in the lives of service users forms an important aspect of this stage and helps in identifying problems as well as sources of strength that can help the service users in achieving a better fit with the environment (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). Assessment of ecology is followed by locating the areas that require to be altered to enhance the social functioning of service users (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). Social workers whilst focusing on the required change need to consider the service users total eco system and use all available strengths in the ecology (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). Practitioners should be open to different change possibilities and implement proposed plans of action after obtaining the agreement of service users (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). Social workers must communicate and coordinate with people in the eco system during much of the intervention process (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). A significant part of the change process lies in the hands of important people in the eco systems of service users and practitioners need to offer support and facilitate change efforts through home visits and telephone calls (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). Reassessment and evaluation also form important components of the ecological intervention process (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). Social workers should be open on remapping the ecology and working through subsequent stages if the intervention efforts do not appear to be achieving their stated objectives (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The final stage of intervention that is the comprehensive evaluation of the process concerns the gathering of information through informal meetings and the use of structure questionnaires (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The evaluation process is important for practitioners becaus e it enables them to enhance the quality of their ecological approach based treatment procedure (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). Advantages and Disadvantages of the Ecological Approach It is important to understand that ecological perspectives help social workers significantly in understanding human problems to essentially be outcomes of continuous transactions of different types between environments and people (Ginsburg, 1990, p 12-21). The conceptualising of human problems in this way helps social workers in understanding that discord between people and their environment can lead specifically to adverse physical, emotional and social effects upon people (Ginsburg, 1990, p 12-21). Such a focus is also a unifying feature of social work practice. The adoption of this approach helps social workers in taking away their focus from individuals as deviants with emotional and mental difficulties and helps in placing them simply as individuals who have mal-adaption with their environments (Henderson, 1994, p 38-45). The investigation and assessment process under this approach also allows social workers to interact with various people who are important to the service user a nd build an intervention plan that involves not just the social worker and the service user but also other people who are close to the service user, understand his or her problems and are able to help the service user in achieving the desired objectives (Henderson, 1994, p 38-45). Whilst the ecological approach helps social workers significantly in conceptualising the essential concerns of social work practice, the approach continues to have some inherent difficulties and problems (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). It does not for example provide clearly laid down sets of procedures and processes for assessment and intervention, as well as strategies and reasoning for their use (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). Social workers thus use the approach for understanding the basic relationships between service users and their environments but have to thereafter devise and formulate their own assessment and intervention procedures (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). It has also disturbingly been found that when social workers intervene in the eco systems of service users by opening up communication channels with other people in the eco system, such interventions often do not have clarity in terms of outcomes and can lead to negative consequences (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). Critics of the eco logical approach also argue that its application leads practitioners to perceive problems with such broad perspectives that practitioners attempt to plan so comprehensively that actual effectiveness of practice gets jeopardised (Henderson, 1994, p 38-45). Whilst such disadvantages and criticisms do have merit and must be considered by workers who opt to use the ecological approach, its adoption and application does enable social workers to obtain much larger perspectives and greater and more dynamic understanding of individuals and their social, cultural and physical environments (Henderson, 1994, p 38-45). The adoption of such perspectives results in avoidance of blaming of victims and in location of assessment and intervention of the issue in the ecosystem of service users (Henderson, 1994, p 38-45). References Barker, R., 1968, Ecological Psychology: Concepts and Methods for Studying the Environment of Human Behaviour, Stanford, California: Stanford University. Barker, R., Gump, P., 1964, Big School, Small School, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Germain, C., 1973, An Ecological Perspective in Casework, Social Casework, 54, 323-330. Germain, C. B., Bloom, M., 1999, Human Behavior in the Social Environment: An Ecological View (2nd ed.), New York: Columbia University Press. Ginsburg, E. H., 1990, Effective Interventions: Applying Learning Theory to School Social Work, New York: Greenwood Press. Henderson, G., 1994, Social Work Interventions: Helping People of Color, Westport, CT: Bergin Garvey. Jones, P., 2010, Responding to the Ecological Crisis: Transformative Pathways for Social Work Education, Journal of Social Work Education, 46(1), 67. Kerson, T. S., 2002, Boundary Spanning: An Ecological Reinterpretation of Social Work Practice in Health and Mental Health Systems, New York: Columbia University Press. Meinert, R. G., Pardeck, J. T., Sullivan, W. P. (Eds.), 1994, Issues in Social Work: A Critical Analysis, Westport, CT: Auburn House. Nash, M., Munford, R., ODonoghue, K. (Eds.), 2005, Social Work Theories in Action, London: Jessica Kingsley. Norman, E. (Ed.), 2000, Resiliency Enhancement: Putting the Strengths Perspective into Social Work Practice, New York: Columbia University Press. Pardeck, T. J., 1988, Social Treatment through an Ecological Approach, Clinical Social Work Journal, Vol 16, No 1. Peters, M., Marshall, J., 1996, Individualism and Community: Education and Social Policy in the Postmodern Condition, London: Falmer Press. Plas, J., 1981, The Psychologist in the School Community: A Liaison Role, School Psychology Review, 10, 72-81. Tew, J. (Ed.)., 2005, Social Perspectives in Mental Health: Developing Social Models to Understand and Work with Mental Distress, London: Jessica Kingsley. Wilson, D. J., 1999, Indigenous South Americans of the Past and Present: An Ecological Perspective, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.